Thursday, 25 September 2014

nuclear fission and fusion vedio


innovative lesson plan







powerpoint presentation














vedio script




online assignment



K.T.C.T COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
KADUVAYIL, THOTTAKADU.




ONLINE ASSIGNMENT

Name of the trainee: RISHI SANGA.P.K
Register No             : 13369020
Year                         :2013-2014






INFORMAL LEARNING CONTEXT
Such as
Park, Museum, Playground, Planetarium, ANERT,
Historical monuments , Music rooms.










This work is part of our B.Ed curriculum. I have select topic for online assignment was “informal learning context” such as parks, museum, historical monuments, playground, planetarium, music room, ANERT.










CONTENT
1. Introduction to Informal Learning
2. characteristics of  Informal Learning
3. Parks
4. Museum-Based Learning
5. Historical Monuments
6. Play Ground
7. Music Room
8. Planetarium
9. ANERT
10. Demonstration Park
11. Conclusion
12. References






INFORMAL LEARNING CONTEXTS
Introduction
        Informal learning is, by default, any learning that is not formal learning or non-formal learning. Informal learning is organized differently than formal and non-formal learning because it has no set objective in terms of learning outcomes and is never intentional from the learner’s standpoint. Often it is referred to as learning by experience or just as experience. Formal forms of instruction such as classroom lessons and e-learning will still be used for many years to come, it is becoming more and more important to pay attention to the more informal methodologies that students are using.
The reasons why informal learning is becoming so popular have to do with immediacy and relevancy. Informal methods of learning are often found in the work environment as they are seen as techniques that a learner can take advantage of right away and with immediate application to their job. Another reason consists in the fact that learners can drive their learning in a more meaningful and self-directed manner. Informal learning should no longer be regarded as an inferior form of learning whose main purpose is to act as the precursor of formal learning.We must move away from a view of education as a rite of passage involving the acquisition of enough knowledge and qualifications to acquire and adult station in life. The point of education should not be to inculcate a body of knowledge, but to develop capabilities: the basic ones of literacy and numeracy as well as the capability to act responsibly towards others, to take initiative and to work creatively and collaboratively. Too much schooling kills off a desire to learn…. Schools and universities should become more like hubs of learning, within the community, capable of extending into the community… More learning needs to be done at home, in offices and kitchens, in the contexts where knowledge is deployed to solve problems and add value to people’s lives.
According to Marcia Conner that Informal learning is a "lifelong process" through which people acquire attitudes, values, skills and knowledge mainly from the mass media, from daily experiences, such as those made at work, at play, while talking with our neighbors and from various kind of interactions, in general. It is apparent that informal learning is rather related to incidental learning. It is a lifelong process by which every individual acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences and exposure to the environment – at home, at work, at play: from the example and attitude of families and friends; from travel, reading newspapers and books; or by listening to the radio or viewing films or television. Generally informal education is unorganized, unsystematic and even unintentional at times, yet accounts for the great bulk of any person’s total life time.
The important lnformal learning context are parks, museum ,playground, historical monument ,music rooms , planetarium ,ANERT etc.
 Informal learning can be characterized as follows:
·         It usually takes place outside educational establishments;
·         It does not follow a specified curriculum and is not often professionally organized but rather originates accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements;
·         It is not necessarily planned pedagogically, systematically according to fixed subjectstest and qualification-oriented, but rather, either unconsciously incidental or consciously intended intuition, holistically problem-related, and related to actual situations and fitness for life;
·         It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life.
·         It is often spontaneous and creative.
·         It is a key component to an alternative learning system coined, Learning by Observing and Pitching-In (LOPI) .

Parks
Parks are inherently attractive to children because they permit escape from the tight strictures of daily life. Located in urban neighborhoods, parks can offer every child the possibility of healthy physical activity,if networks of child-friendly, safe, accessible pathways connect homes with parks. Parks generously support the multitudinous repertoire of chase and rough-and-tumble games transmitted across the generations through childhood culture regardless of social class, ethnic background, or geography. Without opportunities to flourish, these traditions will die. are inherently attractive to children because they permit escape from the tight strictures of daily life. Located in urban neighborhoods, parks can offer every child the possibility of healthy physical activity — if networks of child-friendly, safe, accessible pathways connect homes with parks.
Many children do not learn effectively exclusively within the four walls of classrooms. Additional, hands-on learning environments are required to match varied learning styles. This is particularly true of children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) behaviors. An estimated 8 percent of children 3 to 17 years old have ADHD and other learning disabilities — and the numbers are still rising (probably because of improved diagnosis). Recent scientific research is beginning to demonstrate an intriguing health-promoting impact of everyday green space on child development-in particular on ADHD-like behavior.2 die.
To sustain multiple visits, city parks must be memorable, combining strong visual identity with striking, harmonious experiences. Recent research strongly suggests an association between experience of "nearby nature" (such as in a city park), and reduced rates of aggression for low income, inner-city populations.3
Children are motivated to learn when they can make their own discoveries outdoors. Computers can never substitute for hands-on, multi-sensory experiences that first fire up the mental circuits in young, inquiring minds. School parks are the most obvious places to stimulate these learning processes, but they must provide more than just additional sports facilities that serve a small minority of children.
Museum-based Learning
All informal learning experiences include an element of free choice, but some are more structured than others. Structured   informal science educational programs offered at museums, nature centers, zoos, and other locations may range in duration from short 1- to 2-hour workshops to summer programs with daily sessions over a period of weeks or months.
Within the continuum of informal science educational experiences, afterschool programs tend to be highly structured, to be designed   specifically for children or youth, and to be more closely linked to school settings than other experiences. Afterschool informal science education programs provide more extended opportunities for a series of related science learning   activities, unlike other informal settings, such as a museum or science center, where learning experiences are typically brief. In addition, afterschool programs offer much more structured learning activities, generally supervised by a program leader, volunteer scientist, or mentor, in comparison to a museum or aquarium, where visitors are free to decide how they spend their time. Finally, attendance in afterschool programs is not always voluntary, as parents enroll their children in these programs and expect them to attend. However, students may have choices about which activities or programs to participate in while attending afterschool programs, allowing a measure of individual choice. This contrasts with learning activities at a museum or science center, where visitors are entirely free to choose what to do, when, and with whom. The goals of learning in ISE settings vary widely. The goals of institutions, like science museums, that offer opportunities for informal science learning usually mention something about education in their mission statement; however, learning goals are rarely articulated with clarity. Underlying goals may be expressed as “increasing science literacy” or “increasing interest and participation in science and technology”, although individual informal science educational providers may have more focused goals and desired outcomes, such as the environmental messages of zoos and aquaria. Nevertheless, visitors choose to attend these places to pursue their own interests, or to involve their families in science related experiences that are entertaining. Visitors are rarely concerned primarily about their own science-related learning even though research has established that learning often happens anyway . Overall, there is a sense that the visit experience should be engaging, interesting, and intrinsically motivated. Rather than achieving short-term outcomes, visitors have the opportunity to build a repertoire of experiences that can be drawn upon, when needed, to build understanding at a later time. Informal science education (ISE) is learning related to science that occurs in informal, out-of-school contexts. These contexts vary from visiting science centers and engaging with the exhibits and programs offered there, to watching a science program on TV, to researching a nature topic in the library or online, to participating in structured afterschool programs, and so on.
At the beginning of the nineties, Feher (1990) observed that "the study of learning in science museums is a field in its infancy". In the years following there has been considerable growth and development in this field of research. Changes in accepted paradigms and definitions of learning have resulted in studies that point to the considerable richness of learning that have the potential to emerge from Museums, science centres, botanic gardens, and aquariums are commonly referred to as museum settings. The Next Generation of Research experiences in informal settings. By the middle of the 1990s there was widespread acceptance of the cognitive, affective and social value of experiences in museums and similar institutions had drawn attention to the physical, social and personal contexts in which learning occurs.Others argued that students enjoyed visits to museums tremendously and that the resulting increased interest and enjoyment of science activities constitute extremely valuable learning outcomes that persist over time. In the later 1990s several researchers embraced constructivist and socio cultural views of learning for detailed investigations of the processes of knowledge development from students' experiences in informal settings.
Historical monuments
Monuments have been created for thousands of years, and they are often the most durable and famous symbols of ancient civilizations. Prehistoric tumuli, dolmens , and similar structures have been created in a large number of prehistoric cultures across the world, and the many forms of monumental tombs of the more wealthy and powerful members of a society are often the source of much of our information and art from those cultures. As societies became organized on a larger scale, so monuments so large as to be difficult to destroy and the Egyptian Pyramids, the Greek Parthenon, the Great Wall of China, Islamic Indian TajMahal or the Moai of Easter Island have become symbols of their civilizations. In more recent times, monumental structures such as the Statue of Liberty and Eiffel Tower have become iconic emblems of modern nation-states. The term monumentality relates to the symbolic status and physical presence of a monument. The social meanings of monuments are rarely fixed and certain and are frequently 'contested' by different social groups. As an example: whilst the former East German socialist state may have seen the Berlin Wall as a means of 'protection' from the ideological impurity of the west, dissidents and others would often argue that it was symbolic of the inherent repression and paranoia of that state. These historical monuments also help the students in their learning
    Beyond the schoolhouse door, opportunities for science learning abound. Each year, tens of millions of Americans, young and old, explore and learn about science by visiting informal learning institutions, participating in programs, and using media to pursue their interests. Thousands of organizations dedicate themselves to developing, documenting, and improving science learning in informal environments for learners of all ages and backgrounds. They include informal learning and community-based organizations, libraries, schools, think tanks, institutions of higher education, government agencies, private companies, and philanthropic foundations. Informal environments include a broad array of settings, such as family discussions at home, visits to museums, nature centers, or other designed settings, and everyday activities like gardening, as well as recreational activities like hiking and fishing, and participation in clubs. Virtually all people of all ages and backgrounds engage in activities that can support science learning in the course of daily life.
  The Committee on Learning Science in Informal Environments was established to examine the potential of nonschool settings for science learning. The committee, comprised of 14 experts in science, education, psychology, media, and informal education, conducted a broad review of the literatures, history etc.
Play ground
      The importance of play in informal science education and the growth of Science playgrounds as an international trend among museums to create safe, challenging outdoor environments that use play to explore the foundations of science. Play is characterized by intrinsic motivation, active engagement, attention to means rather than ends, non-literal behavior, and freedom from external rules, a means for acquiring information about and experiencing the environment. Successful exhibitions for children and families share these qualities and outdoor exhibitions encourage a degree of exploration and full-body experience often not possible or appropriate inside a museum. Two case studies are provided as evidence of the importance of play in the interpretation and design of science playgrounds. The first, Science Playground at the New York Hall of Science (opened 1997), uses an interpretive strategy in which evaluation and remediation are continually   incorporated into the educational process. Experimental workshops were conducted to observe children’s intuitive uses of the physics-based exhibits, uninhibited by any authoritative explanations. From this evaluation, the institution elected not to produce interpretive signage at each unit, but rather to develop a guide for visitors and one for educators that outline the exhibition's basic physics principles and encourage visitors to experiment and make connection to their own experiences. These include bringing together a diverse team to respond to institutional and audience needs, ages, interests, and cultural backgrounds; creating a specific sense of place, making use  of the local environment and taking advantage of natural elements including water, soil, wind, and sun. Practical considerations of safety, materials, and testing and prototyping are also addressed. The idea of play as essential not only in child development, but also in development of successful outdoor science exhibitions.
 Music room
   Bringing informal learning practices into a school environment is challenging for teachers. It can appear to conflict with their views of professionalism, and may at times seem to run against official educational discourses, pedagogic methods and curricular requirements. But any conflict is more apparent than real, and how informal learning practices can introduce fresh, constructive ways for music teachers to understand and approach their work. It offers a critical pedagogy for music, not as mere theory, but as an analytical account of practices which have fundamentally influenced the perspectives of Apart from the teaching strategies and learning approaches demonstrated by Green, there is much here that music educators can use. ... Music, Informal Learning and the School opens a discourse about music education that can only benefit music education as a whole. If you have any passion for music education, this one will be for immediate consumption. Agreement is not compulsory; entering into the debate is.’ Research Studies in Music Education the teachers involved. 
       Informal Learning and the School is to be commended for what might be described as its risk-taking bravery in tackling head-on the problems of engaging young teenagers, in particular those described as ‘disaffected’, with school music. Most importantly, perhaps, it offers a representative and optimistic account of young people’s potential for engaging with music, and, in turn, of the possible ‘musical pathways’ that young people can discover through inspired pedagogy.’ In music informal learning takes place when musicians are working together on a more or less equal base. Listening to each other, imitating others and asking questions are important learning tactics in such a context. Learning itself can be highly intentional (the individual wants to master a particular song or technique) as well as incidental (becoming familiar with a particular style of music by playing examples of this style). The learning result is often more implicit than explicit. Reflection on what is learned is optional and often limited. The acquired knowledge and skills are highly applicable to the context in which they have been learned, transference to less similar contexts is often problematic and requires intensive practice. (Popular musicians e.g. who are highly skilful in playing within a particular style of music, have great difficulty in making use of their knowledge and skills in performing music in a not-familiar style). Recordings, peers and experts (not in a teaching role) act as models for learning. Assessment of learning is highly personal and mostly product related .
Planetarium
The National Science Education Standards Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy and the Framework for K-12 Science Education all state students should be able to describe the apparent motion of the sun, moon, and stars and the lunar phases by the end of elementary school. The observations necessary for people to accurately describe these motions happen slowly over hours, days, or even months and are easily overlooked in everyday life. As a result children and adults often have alternative ideas about basic astronomy concepts such as the sun rises and sets in the same place every day, the sun goes through zenith everyday at noon, or the moon is only seen at night ‘Planetaria can easily recreate the night sky for any date, time, or location on Earth and can speed up apparent motions, making them more obvious. Additionally, planetaria are spaces that can inspire wonder and curiosity that visitors can take home with them . Unfortunately, there has been very little recent research done specifically on the effectiveness of planetaria for learning, particularly when combined with classroom instruction . Despite this lack of research on planetarium effectiveness, there are studies on stand-alone planetarium shows and on combining planetarium and classroom instruction that are informative.
  There have been some studies in the past few decades that have looked specifically at the effectiveness of a single visit to a planetarium in increasing people’s apparent knowledge about astronomy. These studies tend to focus on the nature and features of a planetarium show that make it effective. Mallon and Bruce (1982) tested 556 random students between the ages of 8 and 10 with written content questions and Likert-scale attitude surveys after they visited one of two different shows. The first was a more traditional, didactic, and scripted “star show” where students were simply shown constellations in the night sky. The second was a participatory show that allowed visitors to extensively interact verbally with the show’s operator rather than follow a strict script. The results showed more significant gains in students’ content and affective scores in the participatory program rather than the traditional star show, suggesting that programs where visitors can interact in the show in some way are more effective.
ANERT
Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT) is an organization working under Government of Kerala, in Kerala, India, for gathering and disseminating knowledge about non-conventional energy, energy conservation and rural technology. The organization was established in 1985 with headquarters at Thiruvananthapuram. ANERT is guided by a governing body chaired by the Minister for Electricity, Government of Kerala. This body gives directions for activities in various energy-related areas. ANERT has also an executive committee with Secretary to Government of Kerala, Power Department, as Chairman. The other members of the executive committee are Secretary to Government, Finance (Expenditure) Department, and Govt: of Kerala, Chairman, Kerala State Electricity Board, Member Secretary, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, two members nominated by Govt: of Kerala and Director, ANERT (Member Secretary).
The major programmes being implemented by ANERT are the following:
·         Solar Photovoltaic Programme
·         Solar Thermal Energy Programme
·         Wind Energy Programme
·         Bio-energy Programme
·         Micro Hydel Programme
·         National Programme on Improved Chulha
·         Integrated Rural Energy Programme
·         Rural Technology Programme
       A Renewable Energy technology Park has been established at AHEC with financial support from Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Govt. of India for the purpose of demonstration of  RET systems to general public and student community and for carrying out studies related to dissertation/ thesis work by the students .
An Energy-cum-rural technology complex at Brahampur village near Roorkee was established under joint sponsorship of UPCST & NEDA,
Lucknow to demonstrate the suitability and adaptability of rural renewable energy technologies for the betterment of economically weaker section .

DEMONSTRATION PARK
AHEC has established a Renewable Energy Technology Demonstration Park with financial support from MNRE. The park houses solar PV pump, solar domestic lights, street lights, colour TV, vaccine refrigerator, solar hot water system, solar grain dryer, solar desalination units, solar cookers, improved water mill, wind mill pump etc. The students are offered dissertation/thesis work on the performance evaluation of these systems as well as for carrying out R&D work.

Conclusion
Informal learning methods is learning techniques that a learner can take advantage of right away and with immediate application to their job. Another reason consists in the fact that learners can drive their learning in a more meaningful and self-directed manner. Informal learning should no longer be regarded as an inferior form of learning whose main purpose is to act as the precursor of formal learning, and also give direct experience to the which support the mental and physical growth of children.


Reference
*   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_learning
*   edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Informal_learning
*   old.mofet.macam.ac.il/iun-archive/mechkar/pdf/InformalLearning.p
*   Physical science education by k. sivarajan.